Determination of the suitable irrigation period for establishment of Calligonum comosom was objective of the study. The experiment was conducted in the vixinity of 50 km of west Iranshahr. Annual precipitation of the study area which is located on 580 m altitude was 100mm during three years of the study. The split split plot design with four replications was used for this experiment, in which the main plots were two date for plantination, November and February, sub plots were plantation methods, seed and cutting, and sub sub plots were irrigation periods with four levels, 15, 20, 25 and 30 days intervals.'Number of established stands was used as the main critrion for determination of the success of the treatments. For that the number of seedling mortality was counted for each and all treatments on a monthly basis within the year.Results showed that the differences between planting dates and planting methods are significant. For irrigation period levels however no significant difference could be found. Seeding was more successful than cutting.

This experiment carried out during 2010-11 and 2011-12 cropping years to study the effect of variant levels of fertilizers containing nitrogen, normal irrigation and irrigation hindering on some agronomical characteristics of isabgol, in Smaeel-Abad Agriculture Research Center of Qazvin. The research was carried out by using two split plot experiments based on randomized complete block designs with three replications. The experiments were repeated for two consecutive years and finally the research results were performed by combined analysis. Main plots were normal irrigation (I1) and cutting off irrigation during seed filling stage (I2), sub plots were nitrogen containing fertilizers: vermicompost, cattle manure and chemical nitrogen fertilizer (urea 46%) with three levels, containing 30, 60 and 90 kg.ha-1 of pure nitrogen. Effects of irrigation and nitrogen containing fertilizers on mucilage yield (P≤0.01) and mucilage percentage (P≤0.05) were significant. Interactions of irrigation × nitrogen containing fertilizers on biological yield and relative water content (P≤0.05), seed yield and 1000 seed weight (P≤0.01) were also significant. According to results of this research; the highest application level of vermicompost in normal irrigation condition, showed better results for production of isabgol plant in the research area.

Evaluating the cutting rate (CR) of stones is important in the cost estimation and the planning of the stone processing plants. This research used regression models to estimate the stones’ CR based on their physico-mechanical characteristics. Stone processing factories in Mahallat City (Markazi province, Iran) were visited, and the CR of diamond circular saws was recorded on six different travertine stones. Next, the stone block samples were collected from the quarries for laboratory tests. Stones’ porosity (n), uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), and Schmidt hammer hardness (SH) were determined in the laboratory as their physico-mechanical characteristics. Correlation relationships of CR with physico-mechanical characteristics were evaluated using simple and multiple regression analyses, and estimator models were developed. Results showed that multiple regression models are more reliable than simple regression for estimating the stones’ CR. The validity of the developed multiple regression models was verified with the published data of one researcher. The findings indicated that these models are accurate enough for estimating the CR of stones. Consequently, the multiple regression models provide practical advantages for estimating the CR and save time and cost during the planning and design of the stone processing factories.

In order to investigate the effect under late season cutting off irrigation on biochemical properties and yield of safflower cultivars a split factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design was conducted in three replicates at College of Agriculture and Natural resources of Darab, Shiraz University during 2017-2018 growing season. The main factor was irrigation regime in three levels included of normal irrigation, cutting off irrigation in the middle of the flowering, and in the early seed filling stages and sub factor was safflower cultivars including Padideh, Goldasht, Faraman and Isfahan local. Cutting off irrigation in flowering stage decreased 30. 37% of chlorophyll a and 25. 8% of chlorophyll b, and increased 15. 38% carotenoid, 23. 38% of catalase activity and 34. 94 % of peroxidase activity, which in Goldasht cultivar was more than the other cultivars. Under cutting off irrigation at flowering and seed filling, the highest seed yield was obtained in Goldasht cultivar as 132 and 150. 5 g/m2, respectively. Overall, cutting of irrigation at flowering and seed filling stages reduced grain yield by 32. 3 and 19. 93%, respectively. Under cutting off irrigating, seed yield with chlorophyll a content (r=0. 77**), chlorophyll b (r=0. 86**), carotenoid (r=0. 74**), catalase (r=0. 71**), peroxidase (r=0. 72**), and harvest index (r=0. 83**) had positive and significant correlation. In addition, Goldasht cultivar of safflower could by increasing photosynthetic pigments and enzyme activity under water deficit in late season obtained the more seed yield compared to other cultivars.

Introduction Intercropping is an old and widespread practice used in low input cropping systems in many areas of the world. Intercropping systems, especially those employing cereals with legumes, have several major advantages such as higher total yield and better land use efficiency yield stability of the cropping system, better utilization of light, water, and nutrients. The reasons for the higher yield in such systems is that the intercropped species do not compete exactly for the same growth resource niche and thereby tend to use the available resources in a complementary way. Several indices such as land equivalent ratio (LER), competitive ratio (CR), aggressivity (A), actual yield loss (AYL), and intercropping advantage (IA) have been developed to describe the competition and the economic advantage in intercropping. With respect to drought stress in late season of Sothern Iran and the importance of intercropping to reach stability and sustainability in production, the aim of this study was to assess the changes in yield and competition and economic indices of intercropping barley with legumes under late season drought stress. Materials and Methods A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the competitive and economic indices of intercropping barley cultivars with pea and fababean under different irrigation regimes at College of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Darab, Shiraz University during 2014 growing season. Treatments were included two levels of irrigation regimes (full irrigation and cutting off irrigation at milk development of barley) and 8 cropping treatments consisted of monoculture of Nimroz tow-rowed barley, Zehak six-rowed barley, pea and fababean and intercropping of Nimroz+pea, Nimroz+fababean, Zehak+pea and Zehak+fababean with a ratio of 1: 1 which laid out as split plot arrangement in randomized complete block design with three replicates. Competitive and economic indices were including land equivalent ratio (LER), competitive ratio (CR), aggressivity (A), actual yield loss (AYL), intercropping advantage (IA), and system productivity index (SPI). Analysis of the variance was performed using MSTATC ver 2. 10 software (1991) and the mean comparisons were performed by LSD test at 5% probability level. Results and Discussion Analysis of variance showed that irrigation regimes and cropping treatments had significant effect on barley and legume yields, LERtotal, Atotal, SPI, CR, AYL total, and IAtotal. Cutting off irrigation, decreased 20, 43 and 40% barley cultivars, pea and fababean yield, respectively and increased 1. 9, 42 and 20% LER of cereals, legumes and total, respectively. Also, under cutting of irrigation, intercropping of Zehak+pea had the lowest yield loss (13%) while Zehak+fababean had the highest yield loss (27%) among the intercropping treatments. A and CR indices showed that in full irrigation conditions, barley cultivars were dominant species and at drought stress condition competitive power of legumes increased. In full irrigation, actual yield loss indices of barley cultivars, legumes and total was positive, negative and zero, respectively and intercropping advantage indices of barley cultivar was positive and in legumes and total was negative. Likewise, AYL and IA indices, in cereals, legumes and total were positive. The maximum grain yield in barley cultivars, pea and fababean was obtained at sole cropping treatments, while LER of all intercropping treatments was higher than 1. SPI for all of the intercropping treatments was positive. Conclusion Evaluating competitive and economic indices showed that intercropping systems of six-rowed Zehak barley cultivar with pea was advantageous than sole cropping system under drought stress condition because of betterland use efficiency and better economics than the other mixtures examined. This mixture could be economically and environmentally promising in the development of sustainable crop production and thus can be adopted by farmers for maximization of economic yields especially under drought stress condition.

Background and Objectives: The shortage of oilseeds and the high volume of oil imports in Iran and the limitation of water resources for the many oilseeds production, showed the necessity of identifying species and varieties adapted to these stressful conditions and determining the most sensitive stages. Nowadays, safflower, due to drought resistance, is considered as a plant crop in the Iranian crop rotation. Therefore, with respect to importance of water stress and selection of appropriate planting date in crop production, this research was conducted to investigate the effect of delay cropping and irrigation regime on assimilate remobilization, yield components and yield safflower. Materials and Methods: In order to investigate the effect of delay cropping and irrigation regime on assimilate remobilization rate, yield components and yield of safflower, a field experiment was conducted as split factorial in a completely randomized blocks design with three replicates at Agriculture College and Natural Resources of Darab, Shiraz University, during 2018-2019 growing season. Experimental factors consisted of irrigation regimes in three levels included normal irrigation, Cutting of irrigation at flowering and cutting of irrigation at seed filling, three planting dates (6 December, 26 December and 15 January) and two safflower cultivars (Goldasht and local Isfahan). In this research, dry matter remobilization, remobilization contribution and remobilization efficiency, yield components and yield of safflower were determined. Results: Results showed that the measured traits were affected by irrigation regime, planting date and cultivar, significantly. Cutting of irrigation at flowering reduced number of capitule per plant, number of seeds per capitule, 1000-seed weight and grain yield of safflower cultivars by 21. 86%, 23. 87%, 28. 37% and 33. 74%, respectively compared to normal irrigation. The amount of dry matter remobilization, remobilization contribution and remobilization efficiency in cutting of irrigation at flowering increased 30. 44%, 37. 81% and 25. 37%, respectively compared to normal irrigation. Also, delayed third planting date (15 January) reduced dry matter remobilization (44. 17%), remobilization contribution (22. 72%), remobilization efficiency (17. 88%), number of capitule per plant (%). 14. 57, number of seeds per capitule (20. 65%) and grain yield (13. 31%). Conclusion: Cutting of irrigation at flowering and seed filling treatments decreased 52. 32% and 34. 54% of grain yield in Isfahan local cultivar at second planting date (26 December) compared to the normal irrigation treatment, respectively. However, seed yield in this treatment did not differ significantly with the treatment of cutting of irrigation at seed filling in planting date on 6 December in Isfahan and Goldasht cultivars which seems to be due to increased assimilate remobilization and remobilization efficiency in cutting of irrigation at seed filling compared to normal irrigation. Therefore, selection of optimum planting date (26 December) compared to early planting date (6 December) and early mature Goldasht cultivar by 12. 91% higher yield can be an appropriate strategy to improve and increase safflower seed yield under late season water stress in semi-arid regions.

Water deficit and graduall reduction of available water resources are the limiting factors of crop production. To investigate the effect of water deficit stress on yield and components of some red bean genotypes a split plot experiment in the form of randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out at the Agricultural Research Station of Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch. The treatments consisted of full irrigation (control), cutting irrigation off during flowering stage, cutting irrigation off of pod filling stage and three genotypes of red bean (derakhshan, goli, and D81083). The results showed that the effect of cutting off irrigation during the growth stages on biological yield, grain yield, harvest i ndex, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod was significant. The results also showed that the highest seed yield belonged to the full irrigation (control) treatment, where D81083 and goli produced higher yields than derakhshan. Highest grain yield was belonged to goli at full irrigation (control) treatment. Among the genotypes under study, D81083 had the lowest amount of reduction equal to 60 percent during cutting off irrigation at flowering stage. Number of seeds per pod decreased when irrigation was cutted off during the flowering stage. Derakhshan produced higher yield than the other genotypes and its seed per pod decreased by 38 percent. The results also revealed that red bean genotypes were very sensitive to deficite water stress. As a whole D81083 and goli genotypes were higher yielders than Derakhshan under limited water conditions.

AField experiment was conducted at Research Farms of Center of Excellence for Special Crops, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran, in 2006 to evaluate the effect of planting density on forage and grain yield of kochia (Kochia scoparia). Experimental design was a randomized complete block with split-plot arrangement of treatments, with three replications,  where different planting densities (10, 20, 30 and 40 plant m-2) were assigned to main plots and number of cutting (including a single cutting, two cutting and no cutting i.e. allowing the crop to grow until maturity) allocated to sub-plots. At each harvest date (cutting) the biological yield, leaf and stem dry weight, plant height, number of branches and the individual plant biomass were measured. Grain yield and thousand seed weight were also determined at the end of growing season. Result showed the highest biological yield and leaf and stem dry weights for kochia obtaind at 30 plant m-2. The total biomass, leaf and stem dry weights, plant height, numbers of branches were greater for the first cutting as compared to the second cutting. Planting density and cutting number interacted to affect the leaf dry weight. At physiological maturity stage there were no significant differences among planting densities for plant height and number of branches. The best planting density, in terms of biomass production and leaf and stem dry weight, was found as 30 plant m-2, while for grain production a planting density of 20 plant m-2 could be recommended.

Low cutting forces can signi cantly reduce the risk of damage to sensitive tissues adjacent to the bone. Because of its better control of the incision, lower cutting force and reduced postoperative complications, the application of ultrasonic tools in bone-cutting is of concern to surgeons. In this study, through the application of a full factorial design of experiments, the e ects of changes in cutting tool geometry, ultrasonic power, bone-cutting direction, and tool speed on the cutting forces of cortical bone are assessed simultaneously. The variance and regression of the experimental data are analyzed, and the impact of factors and interactions of the elements on the cutting forces are discussed. The adjusted coe cient of determination (R 2 adj) of the main cutting force and cutting resistance force of the statistical model were 91. 49% and 91. 15%, respectively. Both the blade geometry and ultrasonic power, together with their interactions, are the most in uential factors in the cutting forces, contributing 82. 2% and 86. 6%, respectively. The formation of teeth in the cutting edge improves the cutting process and reduces the cutting force by about 40%. To obtain high e ciency and low cutting force, it is recommended to use an ultrasonic-powered toothed edge blade with a pitch of 1 mm, a low vertical velocity, and a high longitudinal speed.

AISI 4340 steel is a low alloy steel with high tensile strength that has numerous applications in industry. Machinability of this alloy steel is difficult due to its low heat conduction and high heat concentration in cutting zone. Therefore, use of cutting fluids in machining of this steel is inevitable. On the other hand, environmental problems of using mineral lubricants lead industries to use of biodegradable oils such as Vegetable-based cutting fluids. The aim of this study is to investigate the drilling of AISI4340 alloy steel in presence of semi-dry lubricant using soybean vegetable-based oil. For this purpose, drilling parameters including feed rate and cutting speed at three levels and workpiece hardness at two levels were chosen. Totally 18 experiments were carried out using coated carbide drill. Results revealed that vegetable-based oil can be used effectively in drilling using a semi-dry lubrication method. In addition, feed rate was the most effective parameter on cutting force and surface roughness and by increasing it, the cutting force increased, and the surface quality deteriorated. Also, workpiece hardness showed significant effect on surface roughness.